| Medications |
| Thalidomide |
Limb reduction defects, ear anomalies |
| Diethylstilbestrol |
Vaginal adenosis/adenocarcinoma
Cervical erosion and ridges |
| Warfarin |
Nasal hypoplasia, stippled epiphyses, CNS defects |
| Hydantoin |
Dysmorphic facial features, hypoplastic nails,
growth and developmental retardation |
| Trimethadione |
Developmental retardation, dysmorphic facial features |
| Aminopterin and methotrexate |
Pregnancy loss, hydrocephalus, low birth weight,
dysmorphic facial features |
| Streptomycin |
Hearing loss |
| Tetracycline |
Stained teeth, enamel hypoplasia |
| Valproic Acid |
Neural tube defects, dysmorphic facial features |
| Isotretinoin |
Pregnancy loss, hydrocephalus, other CNS defects,
small or absent thymus, microtia/anotia,
conotruncal heart defects |
| Antithyroid drugs |
Hypothyroidism, goiter |
Androgens and high doses
of nor-progesterones |
Masculinization of external female genitalia |
| Penicillamine |
Cutis laxa |
| ACE Inhibitors |
Renal dysgenesis, oligohydramnios sequence, skull ossification defects |
| Carbamazepine |
Neural tube defects |
| Cocaine |
Pregnancy loss, placental abruption, growth retardation, microcephaly |
| Lithium |
Ebstein anomaly |
| Maternal Infections |
| Toxoplasmosis |
Hydrocephalus, blindness, mental retardation |
| Varicella |
Skin scarring, limb reduction defects, muscle atrophy,
mental retardation |
| Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis |
CNS damage, cataracts, pregnancy loss |
| Syphilis |
Abnormal teeth and bones, mental retardation |
| Cytomegalovirus |
Growth and developmental retardation, microcephaly,
hearing loss, occular abnormalities |
| Herpes (Primary) |
Pregnancy loss, growth retardation, eye abnormalities |
| Herpes (Active) |
Vertical transmission at delivery |
Chemicals |
| Methylmercury |
Cerebral atrophy, spasticity, mental retardation |
| Lead |
Pregnancy loss, CNS damage |
Polychlorobiphenyls
(PCBs - ingested) |
Low birth weight, skin discoloration |
| Maternal Disorders |
| Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus |
Congenital heart defects, caudal deficiency,
neural tube defects, limb defects, holoprosencephaly,
pregnancy loss |
| Hypo/Hyperthyroidism |
Goiter, growth and developmental retardation |
| Phenylketonuria |
Pregnancy loss, microcephaly, mental retardation,
facial dysmorphism, congenital heart defects |
| Hypertension |
Intrauterine growth retardation |
| Autoimmune Disorders |
Congenital heart block, pregnancy loss |
| Reproductive Toxins |
| Cigarette Smoking |
Pregnancy loss, low birth weight |
| Hyperthermia
| Neural tube defects |
| Chronic Alcoholism |
Growth and developmental retardation, microcephaly,
craniofacial dysmorphism |
| Therapeutic Radiation |
Growth and developmental retardation, microcephaly |
